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To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the seminal 1993 quantum teleportation paper, we are pleased to present research works, reviews, and stories about quantum communication, quantum entanglement, and quantum teleportation: (1) How was quantum teleportation invented? (2) Which teleportation experiments were performed at the Sapienza University in Rome? (3) Can we use joint measurements to generate nonclassical correlations? (4) How is classical sampling related to quantum entanglement? (5) How is classical communication related to a special quantum ensemble? (6) How can simplifying a quantum key distribution protocol make it insecure? (7) Can we teleport a two-qubit quantum state using a nonsymmetric channel? This book includes submissions by some of the most prominent quantum teleportation contributors, including Gilles Brassard, Francesco De Martini, Nicolas Gisin, and William K. Wootters, as well as additional researchers, all presenting their up-to-date insights regarding quantum

The field of chaos in many-body quantum systems has a long history, going back to Wigner’s simple models for heavy nuclei. Quantum chaos is being investigated in a broad variety of experimental platforms such as heavy nuclei, driven (few-electron) atoms, ultracold quantum gases, and photonic or microwave realizations. Quantum chaos plays a new and important role in many branches of physics, from condensed matter problems of many-body localization, including thermalization studies in closed and open quantum systems, and the question of dynamical stability relevant for quantum information and quantum simulation. This Special Issue and its related book address theories and experiments, methods from classical chaos, semiclassics, and random matrix theory, as well as many-body condensed matter physics. It is dedicated to Prof. Shmuel Fishman, who was one of the major representatives of the field over almost four decades, who passed away in 2019. Related Books Quantum Chaos—Dedicated to Pro

This Special Issue presents contributions from leading experts working in different branches of quantum physics. The relevance of quantum transport and diffusion processes at both a fundamental and technological level is well highlighted by the variety of applications discussed. Fundamental problems, such as the description of the evolution of open quantum systems, can be explored in terms of excitation transport in suitable structures, whereas the motion of particles on a graph can provide information on the graph itself, thus becoming a metrological resource. Quantum information transfer and routing protocols are instead representative of the class of quantum transport problems that have direct application to quantum technologies. The contributions to this book offer therefore a variety of different perspectives on quantum transport and diffusion processes, and allow to fully appreciate the centrality of the topic in the realm of quantum physics and fast developing quantum technolo

A short book about different issues in optical technologies. The importance of optical technologies for artwork charaterization is well known, in this book we show some examples where different optical technologies are applied in real cultural heritage artworks. Related Books Optical Thin Films and Structures Computer Science & Mathematics ... Data Acquisition and Processing in Cultural Heritage Environmental & Earth Sciences ... 3D Information Technologies for Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage Engineering Optical Sensors Technology and Applications Biology & Life Sciences ... 3D Information Technologies in Cultural Heritage Preservation and Popularisation Engineering The recommendations have been generated using an AI system. About: About MDPI Books Advisory Board Legal Information: MDPI Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions Terms of Use Accessibility Sales: Order and Delivery Indexing and Distribution Further Information: Book Series Reprints Book/Chapter Processing

There have been three recent developments in AMO and cluster science: a) new and progressively precise technologies to synthesize materials with good purity statistics for their gas-phase, as thin films, or in their liquid-phase; b) significant diversification of pump–probe laser and particle sources and related experimental techniques allowing us to access both the energy response and temporal response of the target materials in ultrafast time scales; and c) increasing the availability of high-performance computer software on ever faster computers, which can be processed in both series and parallel mode. These developments have empowered the broader AMO community to address more detailed and critical aspects of the response and relaxation processes. As a result, many groups have become involved in ever-more challenging and complex investigations, pushing the frontier of knowledge. This Special Issue will provide a forum in which to broadcast emerging research results, creating a rep

Within the second half of the last century, quantum cosmology concretely became one of the main research lines within gravitational theory and cosmology. Substantial progress has been made. Furthermore, quantum cosmology can become a domain that will gradually develop further over the next handful of decades, perhaps assisted by technological developments. Indications for new physics (i.e., beyond the standard model of particle physics or general relativity) could emerge and then the observable universe would surely be seen from quite a new perspective. This motivates bringing quantum cosmology to more research groups and individuals.This Special Issue (SI) aims to provide a wide set of reviews, ranging from foundational issues to (very) recent advancing discussions. Concretely, we want to inspire new work proposing observational tests, providing an aggregated set of contributions, covering several lines, some of which are thoroughly explored, some allowing progress, and others much

This Special Issue highlights the latest enhancements in the abatement of noise and vibrations in aerospace and automotive systems. The reduction of acoustic emissions and the improvement of interior cabin comfort desired by all major transportation industries, as these areas have a direct impact on customer satisfaction and, consequently, the commercial success of new products. Topics covered in this Special Issue deal with computational approaches, instrumentation and data analysis related to noise and vibrations of fixed-wing aircraft, satellites, spacecraft, automobiles, and trains, covering aerodynamically generated noise, engine noise, sound absorption, cabin acoustic treatments, duct acoustics, and vibroacoustic properties of materials. This Special Issue also focuses on industrial aspects. Existing procedures and algorithms that are useful in reaching the abovementioned objectives in the most efficient way are illustrated in the collected papers. Related Books Advances in Vibr

Mathematical models constitute a fundamental tool for the understanding of physical phenomena, biological systems, and finance and engineering. In addition to theoretical aspects, simulations play a primary role in applications because they allow for the prediction of the behavior of quantities of interest. The aim of this reprint is to present original research of the contributing authors, providing the reader with a sample of actual investigation in the field of applied mathematics. Related Books Mathematical Models and Simulations, 2nd Edition Computer Science & Mathematics Numerical Analysis and Computational Mathematics Chemistry & Materials Science Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems Computer Science & Mathematics Mathematical Modeling of Engineering and Socio-Economic Processes and Systems Computer Science & Mathematics ... Mathematical Methods, Modelling and Applications Computer Science & Mathematics The recommendations have been generated using an AI system. Abou

The present reprint contains 12 articles that have been accepted and published in the Special Issue “Differential Equations and Inverse Problems” in MDPI’s Axioms journal. The articles cover a wide range of topics with respect to the theory and applications of differential equations and inverse problems. The key topics covered in this Special Issue include impulsive delay differential equations, fractional differential equations, the Rayleigh–Stokes equation with a fractional derivative, the Monge–Ampère equation, one-dimensional heat conduction, dynamic complex matrix inversion, collocation methods, the Runge–Kutta method, the Tikhonov regularization method, convolution neural networks, supervised contrastive learning, zeroing neural networks, etc. Differential equations and inverse problems have become a rapidly growing topic because of the new techniques developed recently and the amazing achievements in computational sciences. With the progress of science and technology, differential equations and inverse problems have quickly developed, and new waves have been successively set off in a broad range of disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, engineering, business, economics, earth science, biology, etc. We hope that the reprint will be interesting and useful for those working in the areas of differential equations, inverse problems, and artificial intelligence, in addition to those who have a mathematical background and want to familiarize themselves with recent advances in differential equations and inverse problems, which have been widely applied in many fields of science and engineering.

This Reprint continues the work initiated in our previous edition, Mathematical Models and Simulations, emphasizing the central role of mathematical modeling in understanding complex systems across physics, biology, finance, and engineering. Mathematical models provide the structural framework through which the behavior of physical and abstract phenomena can be interpreted, predicted, and optimized. Alongside these theoretical foundations, numerical simulations serve as a crucial complement, enabling researchers to explore system dynamics, test hypotheses, and forecast quantities of interest with high fidelity. The Reprint brings together contributions spanning a broad spectrum of mathematical physics, highlighting both deterministic and stochastic modeling approaches. Deterministic models typically rely on ordinary or partial differential equations to describe well-defined system evolutions, while stochastic models account for randomness through stochastic processes or stochastic differential equations. Emphasis is placed on rigorous mathematical analyses of these models to ensure clarity, reliability, and applicability.

The purpose of this SI is to provide an overview of recent advances made in the methods used for tissue imaging and characterization, which benefit from using a large range of optical wavelengths. Guerouah et al. has contributed a profound study of the responses of the adult human brain to breath-holding challenges based on hyperspectral near-infrared spectroscopy (hNIRS). Lange et al. contributed a timely and comprehensive review of the features and biomedical and clinical applications of supercontinuum laser sources. Blaney et al. reported the development of a calibration-free hNIRS system that can measure the absolute and broadband absorption and scattering spectra of turbid media. Slooter et al. studied the utility of measuring multiple tissue parameters simultaneously using four optical techniques operating at different wavelengths of light—optical coherence tomography (1300 nm), sidestream darkfield microscopy (530 nm), laser speckle contrast imaging (785 nm), and fluorescence

Hydration during physical activity is a key component of both performance and safety. Several factors impact hydration, including, but not limited to: environmental conditions, such as heat and humidity; clothing and cooling strategies; individual fluid losses measured by sweat rate, sweat composition, dietary composition, and nutrition behaviors; and individual attitudes and perceptions of thirst. This Special Issue, “Hydration and Fluid Needs During Physical Activity”, discusses current knowledge and recommendations for assessing, monitoring, and maintaining sufficient hydration during exercise and sport for a diverse range of populations, sports, and conditions. It consists of eleven peer-reviewed papers that cover several aspects relevant to hydration and physical activity. Related Books Water Intake, Body Water Regulation and Health Public Health & Healthcare Physical Activity, Nutritional Status, Physical Fitness Public Health & Healthcare Nutrition and Athletic Performance Bi

This Special Issue contains novel results in the area of out-of-equilibrium classical and quantum thermodynamics. Contributions are from different areas of physics, including statistical mechanics, quantum information and many-body systems. Related Books Entropy and Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics Computer Science & Mathematics ... The Entropy Production—as Cornerstone in Applied Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Chemistry & Materials Science ... Mathematical Aspects in Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics Computer Science & Mathematics ... Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Strongly Correlated Systems Computer Science & Mathematics Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics of Small Systems Physical Sciences The recommendations have been generated using an AI system. About: About MDPI Books Advisory Board Legal Information: MDPI Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions Terms of Use Accessibility Sales: Order and Delivery Indexing and Distribution Further Information: Book Series Reprints Book

This Special Issue explores the far-reaching implications of chiral symmetry in modern theoretical physics. It presents seven contributions—five research articles and two reviews—spanning topics from QCD and hadron spectroscopy to nuclear matter and chiral gauge theories. Roberts’ work on emergent mass in QCD, Meißner’s discovery of two-pole structures, and Rho’s insights into chiral-scale symmetry illustrate how symmetry principles govern nuclear and particle phenomena. Blaschke et al. address a model for interpreting lattice QCD thermodynamics of hadron–quark–gluon transitions. Fejős studies the axial anomaly’s finite-temperature dependence on both the chiral condensate and mesonic fluctuations. The mini-review by Ma and Rho connects condensed matter analogies with the structure of baryonic matter in compact stars. The final article, by Stöckinger's group, presents a comprehensive and pedagogical treatment of renormalization in chiral gauge theories using dimensional regularization, offering valuable guidance especially for researchers entering the field. Together, these works highlight both conceptual advances and methodological developments, underscoring the unifying role of chiral symmetry across energy scales and physical systems.

This Special Issue presents a collection of articles that highlight the significant progress in the study of differential and difference equations. These contributions cover a wide range of topics, from boundary value problems and the asymptotic behavior of solutions to complex mathematical models and the application of fractional and difference equations in various scientific and engineering fields. Differential equations are a core mathematical tool for modeling dynamic systems in a diverse range of areas, such as physics, biology, economics, and engineering. Likewise, difference equations provide discrete counterparts to continuous models, which are crucial in understanding phenomena occurring in digital systems and various computational models. The papers presented in this Special Issue reflect the latest theoretical advancements and applications in these important research areas.

The present reprint contains twelve papers published in the Special Issue “Advances in Discrete Applied Mathematics and Graph Theory, 2021” of the MDPI Mathematics journal, which cover a wide range of topics connected to the theory and applications of Graph Theory and Discrete Applied Mathematics. The focus of the majority of papers is on recent advances in graph theory and applications in chemical graph theory. In particular, the topics studied include bipartite and multipartite Ramsey numbers, graph coloring and chromatic numbers, several varieties of domination (Double Roman, Quasi-Total Roman, Total 3-Roman) and two graph indices of interest in chemical graph theory (Sombor index, generalized ABC index), as well as hyperspaces of graphs and local inclusive distance vertex irregular graphs. Related Books Algebraic Structures and Graph Theory Computer Science & Mathematics ... Graph-Theoretic Problems and Their New Applications Computer Science & Mathematics ... Advances in Comput

The Special Issue, titled “Advances in Boundary Value Problems for Fractional Differential Equations, 2nd Edition'', presents recent advances in the theory and applications of fractional differential equations, fractional inclusions, and systems of fractional differential equations involving Riemann–Liouville, Caputo, Hadamard, Hilfer–Hadamard and other generalized fractional derivatives under varied boundary conditions. Fractional partial differential equations and systems, as well as fractional q-difference equations and inclusions, are also addressed in this Special Issue. The contributions encompass various topics, including the existence, uniqueness, stability, and approximation of solutions.

The aim of this reprint is to immerse the reader in the structural design and operation control of permanent magnet motors, which can be better applied in the drive unit of electric vehicles. Firstly, based on the structural optimal design, permanent magnet motors’ temperature rise will be reduced, and their magnetic field can be utilized efficiently. Then, with the proper operation control technology, permanent magnet motors’ operational performance, such as starting, constant speed, speed regulation, and braking, can be improved.

In recent years, microwave sensing and imaging have acquired an ever-growing importance in several applicative fields, such as non-destructive evaluations in industry and civil engineering, subsurface prospection, security, and biomedical imaging. Indeed, microwave techniques allow, in principle, for information to be obtained directly regarding the physical parameters of the inspected targets (dielectric properties, shape, etc.) by using safe electromagnetic radiations and cost-effective systems. Consequently, a great deal of research activity has recently been devoted to the development of efficient/reliable measurement systems, which are effective data processing algorithms that can be used to solve the underlying electromagnetic inverse scattering problem, and efficient forward solvers to model electromagnetic interactions. Within this framework, this Special Issue aims to provide some insights into recent microwave sensing and imaging systems and techniques. Related Books Micro

This reprint includes papers that were presented at the Zimányi School Winter Workshop in 2022. This workshop aimed to summarize the developments of 2022 in high-energy heavy-ion physics with particular attention to the new data emerging from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and SPS. The included papers discuss new results in hydrodynamics, flow and femtoscopy. One of the main aims of the workshop was to encourage interactions between the theoretical and experimental community, hence experimental and theoretical papers appear alongside one another in the reprint. Related Books The Zimányi School and Analytic Hydrodynamics in High Energy Physics Physical Sciences Selected Papers from “Theory of Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions” Computer Science & Mathematics Selected Papers from the 19th International Conference on Calorimetry in Particle Physics (CALOR 2022) Physical Sciences Heavy-Ion Collisions and Multiparticle Production Physica

Mathematical problems in the aerospace industry  deeply affect the development of many related fields, such as aerodynamics, astrodynamics, deep space exploration, space environment, manned space flight, space traffic management, etc. As a result, these challenges have together become a hotbed of research and have garnered significant attention in recent years. However, notwithstanding the enormous efforts of mathematicians, natural scientists, and engineers, many major issues remain unresolved. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide a comprehensive introduction to the major mathematical problems in aerospace in order to help people refer to and conduct further in-depth research. This reprint thus contains a systematic review and several technical studies regarding the latest major mathematical problems in aerospace and their respective applications in different fields. This Special Issue aspires to make a valuable contribution  to the knowledge on the mathematical theories, c

This Special Issue contains original scientific papers in the field of mineral physics (and also rock physics). These papers are grouped into four categories: Reviews, Experimental Science, Theoretical Science and Technological Developments. These papers include those from first authors covering 5 generations of mineral physicists, including contemporaries of Orson [e.g., William Bassett, Frank Stacey], the next generation of leaders in mineral physics throughout the world [e.g., Michael Brown, Eiji Ohtani], current leaders in this field [e.g., Agnes Dewaele, Jun Tsuchiya], senior graduate students [e.g., Jan Borgomano, Vasilije Dobrosavlijevic, Francesca Miozzi], and an undergraduate student [e.g., Tyler Perez]. Mineral physics is the study of mineralogical problems through the application of condensed matter physics. In reality, mineral physicists use not only physics, but also solid-state chemistry; they study not only minerals, but all materials related to natural minerals (e.g.,

In light of potential structural failure and incidents, the safety of engineering structures has received much attention worldwide. Approaches for non-destructive monitoring, inspection and evaluation of the integrity of mechanical structures such as oil/gas pipelines, fuel tanks, aero-engines, etc., during their fabrication/construction and in-service operations before catastrophic accidents occur are crucial and in high demand. Until now, electromagnetism-based non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) techniques, such as eddy current testing and magnetic flux leakage testing, have been used in the detection, characterization and assessment of critical flaws (Stress Corrosion Cracks, Flaw Acculturated Corrosion, Liquid Droplet Impingement Erosion, etc.) that have posed a threat to the structural integrity. However, none of these techniques are universal and could be taken as the skeleton key to the issue regarding NDT&E of in-service structures. In view of this, more and more advanced electromagnetic non-destructive testing methods have been proposed, complementary to the current techniques. This Reprint includes overviews and original articles focusing on electromagnetic non-destructive testing and evaluation of critical components and structures in the engineering fields. The related topics involve eddy current testing, eddy current thermography, microwave and millimeter wave testing, magnetic flux leakage and electromagnetic field sensing, etc.

This Reprint presents recent advances in fractional calculus, organized into three main themes: theoretical developments, methodological advances, and applications. Theoretical contributions examine two forms of the Riemann–Liouville derivative and their impact on solution structures, and introduce anomalous diffusion models based on regularized general fractional derivatives with Sonin kernels. Methodological studies focus on improved analytical and numerical approaches, including the optimal q-Homotopy Analysis Method, iterative and perturbation techniques for nonlinear equations, and applications of the fractional differential quadrature method to nonlinear and high-dimensional systems. Applications demonstrate the breadth of fractional modeling, covering fuzzy systems and controllability, fractional-order boost converters, viscoelastic dampers, ZnO nanostructures, solar-cell charge dynamics, and personalized fractional-order controllers for anaesthesia. Together, these works highlight how fractional calculus continues to advance through theoretical developments, methodological advances, and practical applications across science, engineering, and medicine.