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This book focuses on the utilization of biomass for energy applications and mainly covers the original research and studies related to thermochemical conversion, biological conversion and physical conversion. It contains a summary the current scientific knowledge in the field of biomass utilization, which is the first of its kind in the literature. Energy potentials and different principles of energy transformation from various renewable energy sources (bamboo, wood residue, straw, sorrel, hay, pines, sunflower stalks, hazelnut husks, quinoa, camelina, crambe, safflower, muscantus and municipal sewage sludge, among others) are described in detail in this book. Different types of pyrolysis or torrefaction processing, combustion, thermal degradation, mechanical properties affecting processing, pre-treatment or treatment processes, or other processes based on thermochemical methods are described as well. The integral part of this book is the bibliometric analysis of worldwide publication

This Special Issue offers insights into research on recent advances in smart grids, including, but not limited to the integration of renewable energy resources, enhancement of energy efficiency, decentralization of electric energy generation, and distribution through small-to-medium-scale electric infrastructures.

This reprint provides a comprehensive study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on energy markets in Central and Eastern Europe. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced significant changes and challenges to the energy sector worldwide. Sudden changes in energy demand, the need to adapt to new market and political conditions, and the increasing role of sustainable development and renewable energy sources have compelled the energy sector to seek innovative solutions. The motivation for writing this reprint was to understand these dynamic changes and their long-term consequences for the energy sector, economy, and society. The goal of this publication is to understand and analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on various aspects of the energy sector in Central and Eastern Europe, with a particular focus on Poland. The analysis covers several key aspects, such as innovative energy technologies in road transport in selected EU countries, changes in energy consumption, implementation of renewable energy technologies, CSR policies, employment in the energy sector, and risks associated with the pandemic. This publication is addressed to a broad audience, including researchers, students, policymakers, energy sector workers, and anyone interested in renewable energy and its role in sustainable development.

Non-metallic inclusions have a great influence on the cleanliness and mechanical properties of steel. Controlling the size and composition of inclusions contributes to the excellent properties of “clean steel”. At the same time, in terms of our understanding of inclusions’ behavior using thermodynamics principles, the design and control of the composition, shape, size, and distribution of non-metallic inclusions in different steels can significantly enhance steel properties. This reprint introduces the latest developments in inclusion engineering, aiming to control the cleanliness and microstructure of steel through thermodynamic calculations and experimental work. Special attention is paid to the formation mechanism and evolution of inclusions during refining and solidification in real steel plants, the aggregation and floating of inclusions, and the kinetics of inclusion adsorption by refining slag. Related Books Solidification and Casting of Metals and Alloys Engineering ... Cry

This text presents recent developments in a wide range of applications of luminescent materials. It compiles contributions from a number of leading scientists in the field, and should be an inspiration for both established and new researchers in this exciting area of research. Thanks to developments in materials research, new applications, requiring specific phosphor properties, have emerged. Wavelength ranges have expanded towards UV and near-IR emission; highly performant persistent phosphors have been developed for safety illumination and bio-imaging; phosphors have been proposed for anti-counterfeiting, energy storage, photocatalysis, thermometry, scintillators and dosimetry; and new synthesis and characterization techniques for luminescent materials have been developed.

The 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018) was held on 10–13 September 2018 in Athens, Greece, organized by the National Technical University of Athens, Greece, and endorsed by the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society. This conference has attracted a great deal of attention from international researchers in the field of high voltage engineering. This conference provided not only an excellent platform to share knowledge and experiences on high voltage engineering, but also the opportunity to present the latest achievements and different emerging challenges in power engineering, including topics related to ultra-high voltage, smart grids, and new insulation materials and their dielectric properties. Related Books Selected Papers from 2020 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2020) Engineering High Voltage Engineering and Applications Engineering The XXXII Conference on Electrical and Electronic Engineering En

With a paradigm shift in the raw inventory in the chemical industry, including the pharmaceutical, refinery and manufacturing industry, a race has begun among the catalysis chemists to explore the feasibility of extending the use of the conventional and classical industrial catalysts (for examples, zeolites, modified alumina, polyoxometalates, noble and non-noble metal based supported catalysts, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid) used for the conversion of bio-based resources to fine and bulk chemicals and biomaterials.  Breakthroughs as vital as the two Nobel prize-winning epochal inventions like the activation of elemental nitrogen and hydrogen on iron surface leading to ammonia synthesis, as well as the elucidation of the reaction mechanism of ammonia synthesis process attributed to the Haber Bosch and the Gerhard Ertl, respectively, are anticipated in the realm of the catalytic conversion of biomass to fine and bulk chemicals as well as the biomaterials. Thus, the innovative catalytic processes described in the 10 landmark papers composed in the form of reprint constitute a reliable and indispensable user manual for the upcoming biorefinery facilities, especially dealing with lignocellulosic feedstock.

“Law and Order for Energy Transition: Public Policies at the Crossroads” explores the pivotal role of legal frameworks in the global shift towards sustainable energy systems. This insightful reprint examines national and international policies, renewable energy impacts, regulatory instruments, and the intersection of energy and climate change policies. Addressing governance, energy justice, and access issues, it proposes solutions to legal barriers and promotes interdisciplinary dialogue among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. Ideal for researchers, policymakers, and students in law, public policy, and energy studies, it aims to inspire innovation and informed decision-making in energy transition efforts worldwide. Related Books Energy Transition and Environmental Sustainability Environmental & Earth Sciences ... Sustainable and Low Carbon Development in the Energy Sector Social Sciences, Arts & Humanities ... Energy Transition and Climate Change in Decision-making Processe

This reprint contains 14 articles published in the Special Issue, “Use of Modern Materials in Technological Processes Accompanied by Frictional Heating". These articles can be divided into five groups:1) Analytical modeling of the frictional heating process in systems made of homogeneous and functionally gradient materials (FGMs) [1–7];2) Numerical simulations of the temperature mode of railway brake systems [8, 9];3) Experimental studies and numerical simulations of the influence of various types of additives added to the friction material in the wet clutch disc [10, 11];4) Inverse thermal problems of friction [12];5) The influence of friction on the stress distribution in a composite containing thin elastic homogeneous inclusions, or that made of FGM [13, 14]. Related Books Use of Modern Materials in Technological Processes Accompanied by Frictional Heating (Volume II) Computer Science & Mathematics ... Advances in Mechanical Testing of Engineering Materials Engineering Advanced T

Photoactive nanomaterials exhibit myriad customized properties, making them appealing for a wide range of practical applications. Photoactive nanomaterials can convert photon to photon (photoluminescence), heat (photothermal effect), and separated charged carriers (photocatalytic reaction, photovoltaic effect), which is very important for the manipulation of light and the utilization of solar energy. This reprint collates 12 papers on recent research progress in emerging photoluminescent, photothermal, and photocatalytic nanomaterials, as well as their applications in optoelectronics and energy conversion. Related Books Novel Photoactive Materials Chemistry & Materials Science Photoactive Materials: Synthesis, Applications and Technology Chemistry & Materials Science Application of Photoactive Nanomaterials in Degradation of Pollutants Chemistry & Materials Science Functional Nanomaterials for Optoelectronics and Photocatalysis Chemistry & Materials Science Advanced Photocatalytic M

This Special Issue is designed to guide readers through the forefront of 21st-century storage technologies. Beginning with the physical limits of traditional semiconductor technology, we concentrate on breakthrough principles, novel materials, and innovative structures—encompassing silicon heterostructures and nanostructures, advances in nanostructure processing and integration for DRAM, as well as emerging DRAM architectures. At the same time, the materials and device mechanisms of a variety of next-generation memories—including resistive RAM (RRAM), phase-change memory (PCM), magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) and ferroelectric RAM (FRAM)—are explored. Topics such as reliability analysis and nanostructure characterization, materials computation and device simulation, logic-memory 3D integration, and innovative memory applications present studies from material growth and device fabrication to performance evaluation. We have invited leading experts in the field to share their insights and latest findings, collectively charting a blueprint for high-performance, energy-efficient, and highly scalable memory technologies that will drive the information age toward smarter, greener, and more efficient storage solutions.

Building on the success of the first edition, “Two-Dimensional Materials: From Synthesis to Applications, 2nd Edition” presents a focused collection of recent advances in the science and engineering of low-dimensional materials. This reprint brings together original research and reviews that span fundamental electronic and magnetic properties, controlled synthesis, heterostructure design, energy storage, optoelectronics, catalysis, environmental remediation, and advanced characterization techniques. The volume highlights how atomic-scale structure, defects, interfaces, and dimensional confinement can be exploited to tailor transport, optical response, electrochemical activity, and surface reactivity. By integrating theoretical modeling with experimental realization and device-level demonstrations, this collection illustrates the rapid transition of two-dimensional materials from laboratory concepts to functional components in electronics, sensing, energy, and environmental technologies. Intended for researchers, graduate students, and engineers working in materials science, physics, chemistry, and nanotechnology, this reprint offers both a snapshot of the current state of the field and a guide to emerging directions shaping future applications of two-dimensional materials.

Elemental boron has attracted researchers because of its large number of allotropes, thus providing a variety of scientific aspects within physics and chemistry. Boron compounds and boron nanomaterials have also shown various polymorphs that have been investigated as functional materials for our society. The uniqueness of the boron atom is due to its high frequency of electron multi-center bonding with neighboring atoms, which is still a significant topic in theoretical and computational research. Recently, there have been reports on the realization of two-dimensional (2D) or planar boron nanomaterials, the so-called borophenes. As expected, observations of the various 2D polymorphisms have triggered a considerable number of research lines worldwide. This reprint presents a collection of such papers at the forefront. The contributed papers are transferred from the Special Issue of “New Science of Boron Allotropes, Compounds, and Nanomaterials” in the journal Molecules. The issue was

Polymers in the form of films, fibers, nano- and microspheres, composites, and porous supports are promising biomaterials for a wide range of advanced biomedical applications. This Special Issue presents novel studies and new approaches in the field of biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery. It includes seven original research articles and two reviews on biomaterials based on polymeric matrices with various structures, including porous composites, nanofibrous scaffolds, meshes, and hydrogels, which can include micro- or nanoparticles (graphene nanosheets, bioactive glass, and hydroxyapatite and halloysite nanotubes). Related Books Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Chemistry & Materials Science Polymer Materials in Biomedical Application Biology & Life Sciences Advanced Polymers for Biomedical Applications Chemistry & Materials Science Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering 2018 Engineering Bioceramics, Bioglasses and Gels for Tissue Engineering B

This Special Issue focuses on the effects of hydrostatic pressure on biological systems and the use of these effects for exploring the structure, function, and molecular dynamics of biological macromolecules and their ensembles. Here, we present a selection of papers highlighting new experimental findings and new theoretical concepts in high-pressure biosciences. In these studies, the authors combine pressure perturbation approaches with NMR and optical spectroscopy, kinetic and thermodynamic techniques, functional genomics and transcriptomics, and molecular dynamics simulations to gain new insights into the conformational dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids and to better understand the mechanisms of high-pressure adaptation in piezophiles. The articles collected in this issue demonstrate the unique exploratory potential of the pressure perturbation approach for biochemistry, biophysics, mechanistic enzymology, and evolutionary biology. Related Books Materials under High Pressure

Foaming of polymeric materials enables weight reduction, which is very important from the economic point of view, but most of all, it should be considered as an excellent means to provide new properties to various polymeric materials. Permanent developments in foaming technologies allow manufacturing of foams with micro- and even nano-sized pores, expanding the already very wide range of their applications. Except for the most conventional applications, which include damping materials, thermal and acoustic insulation, packaging materials or absorbents, applications in catalysis, fuel cells, tissue engineering, and electromagnetic shielding, often associated with nanocellular structures, have become more and more popular.Moreover, having in mind the ongoing trends and law regulations, it is important to remember the environmental impact of polymeric foams. Recent technological developments often involve biodegradability of foams, application of environmentally friendly raw materials,

A collection of articles published under the guidance of Assoc. Prof. Ph.D. Andrei Victor SANDU in the Special Issue "Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume II". The published articles under this Special Issue represent an excellent collection of research and review articles with cutting-edge results that promote sustainable development in the field of material engineering. Related Books Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume III Chemistry & Materials Science Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume IV Chemistry & Materials Science Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials Chemistry & Materials Science New Materials and Advanced Procedures of Obtaining and Processing Engineering Manufacturing, Characterization and Modeling of Advanced Materials Chemistry & Materials Science ... The recommendations have been generated using an AI system. About: About MDPI Books Advisory Board Legal Information: MDPI Privacy Policy Terms and

The Special Issue “Non-Destructive Testing of Structures” has been proposed to present the recent developments in the field of the diagnostics of structural materials and components in civil and mechanical engineering. The papers highlighted in this editorial concern various aspects of non-invasive diagnostics, including such topics as the condition assessments of civil and mechanical structures and the connections of structural elements, the inspection of cultural heritage monuments, the testing of structural materials, structural health monitoring systems, the integration of non-destructive testing methods, advanced signal processing for the non-destructive testing of structures (NDT), damage detection and damage imaging, as well as modeling and numerical analyses for supporting structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. Related Books Non-destructive Testing in Civil Engineering Engineering Non-destructive Testing of Materials in Civil Engineering Chemistry & Materials Science ...

Photocatalysis represents an interesting approach for different applications, with the possibility of using sunlight as a sustainable and renewable source of energy. This technology is based on the use of a semiconductor that can be excited by light with an energy higher than its band gap, inducing the formation of energy-rich electron–hole pairs that can be involved in redox reactions. Recent progress has explored the chemical nature of structured semiconductors with the object of improving their electronic and optical properties, enhancing their photoresponse under different conditions. This Special Issue collected original research papers, reviews and commentaries focused on the challenges in the design of structured semiconductors with photocatalytic applications; thus, submissions focusing on synthesis, the characterization of new photocatalysts, studies of activity and stability, and the mechanisms of photocatalytic reactions are invited for submission. Related Books Advanced

This Reprint spans a broad and interdisciplinary spectrum of topics in graphene and two-dimensional materials science, while naturally converging into four coherent thematic areas that reflect the current frontiers of the field. The first theme focuses on the development of graphene nanoribbons, ranging from advanced modeling approaches to the realization of functional devices with tailored electronic and transport properties. The second area addresses the properties and applications of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, highlighting their structural, chemical, and functional versatility across diverse technological domains. The third theme explores graphene-based silicon heterostructures, with particular emphasis on optoelectronic applications and interface-driven phenomena. Finally, this Reprint extends beyond graphene to encompass emerging two-dimensional materials, offering new perspectives on novel physical properties and device concepts.

This reprint of the Special Issue, titled “Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 2nd Edition”, presents a curated collection of original research articles and comprehensive reviews that highlight the latest breakthroughs in the synthesis, characterization, and application of inorganic semiconductors. Covering a wide spectrum of topics—ranging from metal–halide perovskites and 2D materials to photocatalytic nanostructures, dielectric polymers, and transition metal dichalcogenides—this volume reflects the dynamic evolution of material design for energy, environmental, electronic, and optoelectronic applications.With contributions from leading researchers across China, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam, this edition offers global perspectives and interdisciplinary insights into semiconductor materials science. It is an essential resource for scientists, engineers, and students interested in the current trends and future directions of inorganic semiconductors.

Advances in synthesis of metallic, oxidic and composite powders were presented via the following methods: ultrasound-assisted leaching¸ ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, ball milling, molten salt electrolysis, galvanostatic electrolysis, hydrogen reduction, thermochemical decomposition, inductively coupled thermal plasma, precipitation and high pressure carbonation in an autoclave. This Special Issue contains 17 papers from Europe, Asia, Australia, South Africa and the Balkans. The synthesis was focused on metals: Co, Cu; Re; oxides: ZnO, MgO, SiO2; V2O5; sulfides: MoS2, core shell material: Cu-Al2O3, Pt/TiO2; compounds: Ca0.75Ce0.25ZrTi2O7, Mo5Si3, Ti6Al4V. The environmentally friendly strategies were presented at the carbonation of olivine, treatment of acid mine drainage water and production of vanadium oxide. Related Books Advanced Powder Metallurgy Technologies Chemistry & Materials Science Metals Powders Chemistry & Materials Science Synthesis, Properti

This Special Issue compiles recent research studies, findings, and accomplishments pertaining to the advanced planning, construction, monitoring, maintenance, and administration of railway infrastructure. Within this collection, a diverse range of innovative and unique research topics is featured, encompassing advanced analytical and numerical simulation methodologies, alongside experimental contributions applied to the field of railway infrastructure. The scientific themes explored in this issue can be outlined as follows: structural integrity; structural condition assessment; automatic damage detection/identification; wayside and onboard monitoring systems; digital twins; model calibration and validation; novel health monitoring; new sensors and technologies (photogrammetry, laser scanning, drones, wireless); computer vision techniques; non-destructive testing (NDT); remote inspection strategies; BIM; Big Data and Internet of Things; artificial intelligence; augmented reality and v

The Special Issue Modeling and Simulation in Engineering, belonging to the section Engineering Mathematics of the Journal Mathematics, publishes original research papers involving advanced simulation and modeling techniques. The present reprint, “Modeling and Simulation in Engineering 2nd Edition, 2023”, contains 13 papers accepted after peer review by recognized specialists in the field. The papers address different topics in engineering that use modeling, optimization as well as experimental and numerical methods. The subject of the papers addresses technical problems such as adaptive contoller design for non-linear systems, simulation of light scattering produced by special paints, estimation of the magnetic field produced by overhead power lines, angle estimation using inertial measurement units, study of multiple transfer phenomena in viscuous fluid flow, optimization of aircraft tail using numerical methods, the study of new types of adjustable speed drives, investigation of na