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This SI is a collection of articles representative of much of the current research being undertaken in the field of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. SERS is a fascinating, multidisciplinary field of scientific study which combines elements from chemistry, physics, material science, and engineering. Essentially, SERS is a molecular spectroscopy technique by which a measurable Raman signal for molecules on metal and semiconductor surfaces is generated through the interaction of laser light, absorbed molecules, and structured nanomaterial surfaces. This SI contains an article regarding the fabrication of metal nanostructured Ag-Cu chips for SERS chemical analysis and ] the electromagnetic properties of Ag, Au, and Al nano-tips for use in the SERS imaging technique for tip-enhanced Raman Scattering (TERS). In another article, SERS spectra were simulated using density Functional Theory (DFT/TD-DFT) for the N3 dye molecule on a TiO2 nanocluster, which can be compared

Symmetry and quantum mechanics are two of the most fundamental probes we have of nature. This collection of eleven papers discusses new quantum phenomena in atoms, galaxies, and people (quantum cognition), which is a testimonial to the breadth of the influence of symmetry and quantum mechanics. The book represents an international effort of researchers from educational and research institutions in nine countries, including India, Finland, France, Mexico, Norway, Russia, Spain, Turkey, and the United States.  The papers can be divided into four broad categories:   Fundamentals of quantum systems, including a new derivation of the uncertainty principle from optimal stochastic control theory, a new model of energy transfer between atoms with no wave function collapse, a new asymmetric optical micro-device with the remarkable property of showing a current with no applied voltage, and a model of quantum cognition to predict the effect of irrelevant information on decision making. 2. Alge

This Reprint gathers recent research on the modelling, optimisation, cybersecurity, and operation of modern electric power systems with high penetrations of renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, and distributed energy resources. The contributions address system-level transformation, distribution network operation, and digital innovation for smart grids. Included studies examine modelling pathways toward net-zero power systems, the impact of digital technologies on sustainability, and technical frameworks for distribution system operators integrating distributed energy resources. Distribution-level challenges such as network reconfiguration, medium-voltage islands with high prosumer penetration, and flexible demand-side management are also explored. Data-driven and artificial intelligence methods feature prominently, including comparative analyses of gradient boosting and deep learning for short-term load forecasting and optimisation-based approaches to enhance smart grid reliability. Cybersecurity and resilience are central themes, with investigations of cyber attacks, intrusion detection, authentication in electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and secure EV grid integration strategies. Collectively, the contributions offer an integrated perspective on the technical, operational, and security challenges shaping resilient, intelligent, and sustainable power systems in the era of deep electrification.

This Special Issue is dedicated to transition-metal-containing bifunctional catalysts, their design, and catalytic applications. Transition-metal-catalyzed reactions are highly demanded in modern chemical industry. Nanosized mono- and bimetallic particles as well as complexes of transition metals are well known as catalysts for many processes, such as hydrogenation, oxidation, deoxygenation, carbonylation, cross-coupling, etc. The search for novel supports is of high importance, and the optimization of catalysts’ morphology and functionalities is a constantly developing field. The Special Issue is focused on bifunctional catalysts, which is an emerging field of catalysis including a variety of systems: bimetallic, magnetically separable, inorganic (oxidic and carbonaceous), and polymeric systems.

Amidst geopolitical conflicts and energy trade wars challenging the global energy market, this Special Issue addresses critical aspects of the energy sector's transformation. It focuses on expanding and optimizing the industry, supply, and value chains through digital and innovative strategies to improve market-oriented energy distribution. Data-driven economic growth and digital technology advancements are reshaping energy governance, pushing for a shift towards renewable sources and digital solutions to overcome traditional system limitations and the "impossible triangle" of energy security, economic growth, and efficiency. This collection of 10 papers explores the opportunities and challenges in digital governance and sustainable development within the energy sector. By examining the rapid evolution of the digital economy and the urgent need for low-carbon solutions, this Special Issue contributes valuable insights into achieving a sustainable global energy transition, highlightin

This reprint provides a forum for scientists and engineers to share and discuss their pioneering/original findings or insightful reviews on the “Characterization and Processing of Complex Materials”. Reports on successfully coupling complex industrial materials/waste/natural ores with non-destructive characterization method(s) and the unique processing developments were particularly encouraged. On the other hand, any kind of contribution under the broad framework of the understanding and production of complex materials was also highly regarded. This reprint gathers papers on the characterization and processing of complex materials with the following keywords: non-destructive characterization; analytical chemistry and instrumentation; waste management and recycling; selective material recovery/processing; sustainability and circular economy. This includes the waste management and recycling of complex materials (e.g., food and electronic waste) through the development of a new charact

This Reprint brings together recent advances in photonic metamaterials, highlighting novel nanofabrication techniques and diverse applications across sensing, imaging, and energy harvesting. The collection features tunable and reconfigurable metasurfaces leveraging materials such as graphene and vanadium dioxide, alongside innovative designs for telecommunications, augmented reality optics, imaging, and biosensing. Together, these contributions demonstrate the field's progress toward dynamic, multifunctional devices with engineered electromagnetic properties that transcend natural material limitations.

The Special Issue “Laser Technologies in Metal-Based Materials” offers a harmonious presentation of the recent achievements in the field of laser-induced physical and chemical phenomena that have evolved into laser techniques to produce diverse functional metal materials and structures. The presented results provide new ideas for researchers, and new solutions for science-consuming manufacturing and industry. Related Books Advances in Laser Materials Processing Engineering Effects of Laser Treatment on Surface Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Alloys Chemistry & Materials Science ... Advanced Pulse Laser Machining Technology Public Health & Healthcare ... Laser Processing and Multi-Energy Field Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials Engineering Laser Assisted Manufacturing Engineering ... The recommendations have been generated using an AI system. About: About MDPI Books Advisory Board Legal Information: MDPI Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions Terms of Use Acc

This book entitled “Toxicology and Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials” covers some recent insights into adverse but beneficial effects of nanomaterials on human health and the environment. Renowned experts in the field contributed to this Special Issue to make this an interesting read for both scholars and students. Related Books Nanotoxicology and Nanosafety 2.0 Biology & Life Sciences The Two Faces of Nanomaterials Medicine & Pharmacology ... Nanomaterials Ecotoxicity Evaluation Environmental & Earth Sciences Toxicity Evaluation of Nanoparticles Chemistry & Materials Science ... Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications Biology & Life Sciences The recommendations have been generated using an AI system. About: About MDPI Books Advisory Board Legal Information: MDPI Privacy Policy Terms and Conditions Terms of Use Accessibility Sales: Order and Delivery Indexing and Distribution Further Information: Book Series Reprints Book/Chapter Processing Charges Pa

This Special Issue showcases advancements in solar thermal energy technologies through interdisciplinary research spanning intelligent system design, advanced materials, and computational innovation. Key studies include next-generation SCADA architectures for CSP plant control, photothermal-enhancing nanofluids, phase-change thermal energy storage, novel solar concentrators, solar-driven reactors, and nanoscale heat transfer mechanisms. The Special issue also includes a comprehensive review linking solar energy to photocatalytic water purification. By integrating experiments with computational modeling, these studies collectively address critical challenges in solar efficiency, thermal management, and sustainable energy integration, charting pathways for scalable renewable energy solutions.

Sustainable green and efficient technologies are recognized as one of the greatest challenges in chemical engineering. It has been reported that photocatalysis is one of the most promising eco-friendly technologies that can work under milder operating conditions than conventional processes when photon activation is performed using a cost-effective light source rather than thermal activation. Many studies have concentrated on some applications of heterogeneous photocatalysis, such as air and water cleaning, organic synthesis, and hydrogen production. However, the low efficiency of photocatalysts becomes the bottleneck for these applications. Moreover, the sustainability of these processes implies high productivity with reduced costs in the synthesis of efficient photocatalysts, requiring high selectivity and kinetic rates. As a result, extensive research has been conducted on a range of topics, including the design and synthesis of photocatalysts; photocatalytic-mechanism clarificatio

This reprint collects papers addressing valuable techniques to improve the efficiency and performance of power electronics when applied to power grids and electrical drives. The proposed techniques leverage several approaches, e.g., advanced converter topologies, innovative control algorithms, and wide bandgap power devices. Diverse application domains were covered: interfacing Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) with AC or DC microgrids; recharging ESSs in electric vehicles; increasing performance in variable speed electrical drives and direct online induction motors; applying electrical loss minimization techniques to microgrids based on RESs. After a short description of each contribution, some perspectives for future developments are also briefly given. Related Books Power Electronics in Renewable Systems Engineering Electrical Power Engineering and Renewable Energy Technologies Engineering Energy Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Convert

The book represents a collection of papers from Special Issue “Formation of Advanced Nanomaterials by Gas-Phase Aggregation” published in journal Applied Nano. It contains review and original articles covering a range of topics on the growth of clusters/nanoparticles using gas-phase aggregation approaches, the application of cluster beams for the formation of nanomaterials with advanced properties and specific nanostructures as well as providing new fundamental insights on nanoscale properties of materials. Related Books Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials Chemistry & Materials Science Plasma based Synthesis and Modification of Nanomaterials Medicine & Pharmacology ... Selected Papers from the 1st International Online Conference on Nanomaterials Chemistry & Materials Science Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Sustainable Advanced Nanomaterials Chemistry & Materials Science Solution Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Semiconducting Nanomaterials Chemi

This Reprint addresses the emerging paradigm of AI-enhanced operation and management in power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources. As renewable-rich power systems become increasingly complex and uncertain, AI is poised to reshape traditional operational practices and decision-making processes. The works collated within this Reprint present recent advances in data-driven wind and photovoltaic forecasting, intelligent state estimation and sensing, adaptive and robust scheduling of integrated energy systems, and AI-enabled decision-making for active distribution networks and coupled infrastructures. These studies demonstrate that AI technologies can complement or extend conventional model-based approaches to better manage variability, uncertainty, and scalability challenges. Beyond individual methods, this Reprint highlights a broader shift from static, centralized operation toward adaptive, distributed, and system-aware management frameworks. Several contributions illustrate that AI can integrate heterogeneous information across generation, grids, loads, and external systems, enabling more responsive and low-carbon operational strategies, while others emphasize uncertainty-aware pricing, robust optimization, and voltage or flexibility support aligned with physical and market constraints. By bringing together these perspectives, this Reprint provides a timely overview of how AI-enhanced methodologies are shaping the next generation of renewable-rich power systems.

The Optimal Control of Wind and Wave Energy Converters entail employing advanced algorithms and methodologies to enhance energy capture while ensuring a consistent power output from turbines and wave energy systems. This process requires the modification of operational parameters such as blade pitch and generator speed in reaction to varying conditions, aiming to achieve maximum power point tracking, reduce mechanical stress, and enhance grid integration, particularly in complex offshore settings. The main aspects pursued refer to: Maximizing energy capture: The goal of optimal control is to guarantee that the devices function at their maximum power point by dynamically modifying their physical or electrical attributes in real-time; Reducing stress: Through the management of factors such as blade pitch and yaw, control systems alleviate mechanical loads and structural stress on the devices, thereby prolonging their operational lifespan; Enhancing stability: Variations in wind and wave energy have the potential to disrupt the electrical grid. Implementing optimal control strategies can alleviate these power fluctuations, resulting in a more stable and dependable power supply.

This Special Issue collects eight peer-reviewed papers showcasing recent developments in design and manufacturing technologies, with a particular focus on the integration of advanced materials, process innovation, human-centered design, and digitalization. The contributions reflect how modern manufacturing is increasingly multidisciplinary, merging design, production, and system intelligence. The main topics covered include the following: Four-dimensional printing and smart structures, introducing self-folding mechanisms enabled by pre-stressed materials; Optimization of additive and hybrid processes, including parameter tuning for FFF with PVA supports and design strategies for directed energy deposition; Precision machining studies applied to aerospace alloys, analyzing hole quality and tool wear; Human-centric manufacturing, with on-field ergonomics assessment and human-error analysis in collaborative robotics; IoT-based monitoring and scheduling optimization for flexible manufacturing systems, improving responsiveness and reliability.

This Special Issue highlights pioneering advancements in subsurface energy systems, encompassing hydrocarbon extraction and geothermal utilization through sustainable technological innovations. Featuring multidisciplinary investigations, this research series focuses on optimizing resource recovery while minimizing environmental impacts across unconventional formations and thermal reservoirs. Key contributions demonstrate novel approaches ranging from nanoscale flow behavior analysis in tight formations to integrated geophysical–AI workflows for reservoir characterization. Central research threads examine fracture network engineering, multiphase fluid interactions in extreme-depth environments, coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical simulations, and intelligent production forecasting systems. The volume synthesizes experimental validations, computational modeling breakthroughs, and operational case studies that collectively advance our understanding of energy extraction mechanics. By integrating fundamental scientific discoveries with scalable engineering applications, this compilation establishes critical pathways for developing next-generation eco-efficient energy harvesting technologies across diverse geological settings.

Pulsed lasers are lasers with a single laser pulse width of less than 0.25 s, operating only once in every certain time interval. Commonly used pulsed lasers are nanosecond, femtosecond, and picosecond lasers. A pulsed laser produces short pulses with a short interaction time with the material, which can largely avoid impact on the thermal movement of molecules and has a minimal thermal impact on the surrounding materials, thus having significant advantages in precision microfabrication. It is now widely used in flexible electronics, chips, medicine, and other fields, such as photographic resin curing, microwelding, vision correction, heart stent manufacturing, etc. However, as an emerging processing technology, the application prospects of pulsed lasers have yet to be fully expanded, and there is still a need to continuously explore the mechanisms of interaction with materials, to manufacture advanced functional structures, and to develop advanced process technologies. Related Book

This Special Issue reprint explores the complex and evolving field of polymer science and technology, with particular emphasis on the factors that influence the properties of polymer-based materials. A comprehensive understanding of the failure mechanisms in these materials is both academically significant and critical for advancing polymer science and engineering. The existing literature demonstrates that mechanical energy interacts with materials in diverse ways, contingent on environmental and operational conditions. Rigorous analysis of material responses is essential for developing mathematical models that facilitate material design optimization within a sustainability framework, aiming to prevent failures such as structural collapse or rupture. The contributions included in this Special Issue examine current and emerging trends in the investigation of the mechanical properties of polymeric materials. Collectively, the nine original articles offer valuable insights and directions for future research in this dynamic field.

The Special Issue, "Advanced Thin Films and 2D Materials: Mechanism, Fabrication, Characterization and Application," delves into the intricate world of cutting-edge materials science. This collection of research articles and reviews explores the latest advancements in thin films and two-dimensional (2D) materials, focusing on their mechanisms, fabrication techniques, methods of characterization, and wide-ranging applications. Thin films and 2D materials are pivotal in the development of innovative technologies due to their unique physical and chemical properties. This Special Issue highlights breakthroughs in understanding the fundamental mechanisms that govern the behavior of these materials, enabling precise control over their properties during fabrication. It also examines state-of-the-art fabrication methods and techniques that have revolutionized the production of high-quality thin films and 2D materials. Advanced characterization techniques, such as atomic force microscopy and X-rays, are discussed, providing insights into the structural and electronic properties of these materials. This Special Issue also showcases the diverse applications of thin films and 2D materials in fields such as electronics, photonics, energy storage, and sensing, illustrating their potential to drive technological innovation and address contemporary challenges.

The first nonlinear optical effect was observed in the 19th century by John Kerr. Nonlinear optics, however, started to grow up only after the invention of the laser, when intense light sources became easily available. The seminal studies by Peter Franken and Nicolaas Bloembergen, in the 1960s, paved the way for the development of today’s nonlinear photonics, the field of research that encompasses all the studies, designs, and implementations of nonlinear optical devices that can be used for the generation, communication, and processing of information. This field has attracted significant attention, partly due to the great potential of exploiting the optical nonlinearities of new or advanced materials to induce new phenomena and achieve new functions. According to Clarivate Web of Science, almost 200,000 papers were published that refer to the topic “nonlinear optic*”. Over 36,000 papers were published in the last four years (2015–2018) with the same keyword, and over 17,000 used the

Local communities are increasingly taking on active roles and emerging as new actors in energy systems. Community energy and energy storage may enable effective energy system integration and ensure maximum benefits of local generation, leading to more flexible and resilient energy supply systems and playing an important role in achieving renewable energy and climate policy objectives. In this book, we summarize the different topics covered in the international conference on new pathways for community energy and storage in the form of the 14 articles published in this Special Issue on the same topic. It addresses important developments and challenges related to local energy transitions and the role of community energy and energy storage therein. Related Books Advances in Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Engineering Microgrids and the Integration of Energy Storage Systems Engineering Energy Storage and Electric Power Systems Engineering Energy Management of Prosumer Communities Eng

This is a Special Issue of Metals devoted to aspects of mineral processing and hydrometallurgy. It is the third in a series of Special Issues devoted to these topics, which discussed characterization along with recycling and waste minimization. Topics such as mineralogy, geometallurgy, thermodynamics, kinetics, comminution, classification, physical separations, liquid–solid separations, leaching, solvent extraction, ion exchange, activated carbon, precipitation, reduction, process economics, and process control were also considered. Specific suggested application areas were gold, silver, PGMs, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, and titanium. Critical metal articles on topics such as lithium, antimony, tellurium, gallium, germanium, cobalt, graphite, indium, and rare earths were also welcomed. Both primary and recycled aspects were considered. In all, nine high quality articles were accepted and published. The focus of the submitted articles included indium, manganese, rare earths, nickel, slags, gold, tin, antimony, zinc, uranium, and thorium.

The special issue of  Crystals entitled “Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of Coordination Compounds” (Volume II) resulted in the publication of 13 articles. The chemistry of coordination compounds plays a vital role in various areas of science, including inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, catalysis, materials science, and medicine. The main goal of this edition was the synthesis of new complex compounds with interesting properties. In order to achieve this goal, it was important to know the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions described by Hirshfeld surfaces. The crystal structure analysis plays a crucial role in predicting and correlating material properties and designing new materials. Whereas the Hirshfeld analysis provides valuable insights into the interactions between atoms in a crystal structure. It can be used to quantify and visualize intermolecular contacts, hydrogen bonding patterns, and other types of non-covalent interactions. Add